The impact of sorption on perceived indoor air quality

Sensory evaluations were used to investigate the impact of sorption processes on indoor air quality. Experiments were carried out in four similar, adjacent, unfurnished offices. Samples of carpet, linoleum, painted gypsum board, and Semia (a specially designed high-sorbing fabric) were tested individually and in combination. Additionally, to investigate the interaction between the pollutants emitted from the building materials and the test room surfaces themselves, air streams polluted by two different building materials were vented into an empty test office. Each experiment lasted for either 1 week (adsorption stage only) or 10 days (adsorption and desorption stages). Untrained panels assessed the air quality at specified times after moving the materials into or out of the rooms. The results showed that, in comparison with air in a room with carpet or linoleum alone, the presence of painted gypsum board improved the perceived air quality. This improvement persisted throughout the 168 h of the 'adsorption stage' of the experiments. A mass balance model was used to quantify the improvement. Calculated results indicate that, for the conditions used in these experiments, pollutant removal via sorption to the relatively inert office surfaces was equivalent to an extra 0.4 air change per hour (ACH) of ventilation air, while sorption to painted gypsum board surfaces was equivalent to an extra 1-7 ACH of ventilation air. In the case of Semia, sorption was equivalent to an extra 16 ACH of ventilation air. During the 'desorption stage' of the experiments, after carpet or linoleum were taken out of a room, approximately 3 days were required before the air in the test office, ventilated at 0.8 ACH, was judged to be free of the sorbed pollutants. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Ventilation rates in non-industrial buildings are based largely on sensory pollution sources and a desired level of perceived air quality. This study documents that sorptive materials in a room influence the perceived air quality and should be considered when evaluating ventilation requirements. Indeed, it may be possible to deliberately use sorption/desorption to improve indoor air in a manner analogous to the way thermal storage/release is currently used in buildings as a means of conserving energy.     

基于 LS 和 MTS 的两阶段滚动轴承故障特征选择方法

滚动轴承故障预测和健康管理(PHM)方法可以提取大量的故障特征数据,这些数据虽然有很大的潜在价值,但也存在高维、高冗余性的特点,难以直接分析和利用。因此,针对轴承故障特征数据的特点,以去除数据冗余性、筛选敏感特征为目的,提出两阶段特征选择算法。该方法的第1阶段采用拉普拉斯得分(LS)对原始特征按局部保持能力进行排序,利用互信息聚类算法删除特征集中的冗余特征。第2阶段采用多变量模式识别中的马田系统(MTS)方法对剩余特征进行综合评价,挖掘对故障分类更有效的特征。轴承退化仿真试验数据验证结果表明,提出的两阶段特征选择算法可以有效地去除冗余度、提高故障监测准确率,可以有效的运用到滚动轴承的初期故障检测中。     

测量不确定度对En值法评价气体检测能力验证结果的影响探究

在环境空气检测能力验证工作中,由于气体容器、充装方法等影响,气体样品的制备通常会采用逐瓶制备的方式,每瓶气体样品的指定值会存在一定的差异,因此气体检测能力验证结果往往采用E_n值法进行评价。采用E_n值法时,实验室测量不确定度直接影响能力验证评价结果,实验室正确评定其测量不确定度是E_n值法得以正确合理使用的必要条件。以空气中二氧化硫检测能力验证计划为例,通过分析E_n值与不确定度的关系,确定实验室测量不确定度的有效范围,并据此给出两组实验室的能力评定标准差分别为0.64 μmol/mol和1.23 μmol/mol;有效的不确定度范围分别为0.34~1.92 μmol/mol和0.66~3.69 μmol/mol,为有效采用E_n值法评价实验室结果和指导实验室正确评定测量不确定度提供参考。     

基于逼近理想解法的现代配电网成熟度评价

针对目前现代配电网缺乏成熟度量化评价的问题,研究了适用于现代配电网发展成熟度评价的评价指标体系及评价方法。选取2014年已有的评价指标数据和2020年规划评价指标数据作为及格线和满分线,通过一次曲线拟合得到给定样本各项评价指标的分数,并在各项评价指标本身统计学特征参数—标准差和特征值的基础上得到各自可反映各项评价指标价值的变异系数。借助变异系数计算将各个指标赋予相应的权重,保证了评价的客观性。在此基础上运用逼近理想解法计算得出每个样本与正负理想样本之间的距离,借助相对接近度的计算可以直观地体现各地区的排名。以某省5个地区配电网为算例,验证了评价体系能正确客观的评价现代配电网的发展水平,证明了评价体系对于提高配电网的电能质量和提高整体运行水平有着重要意义。     

Sensory evaluation and chemical analysis of exhaled and dermally emitted bioeffluents

Conditions in which exhaled and dermally emitted bioeffluents could be sampled separately or together (whole‐body emission) were created. Five lightly dressed males exhaled the air through a mask to another, identical chamber or without a mask to the chamber in which they were sitting; the outdoor air supply rate was the same in both chambers. The carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber with exhaled air was 2000 ppm. Chamber temperatures were 23°C or 28°C, and ozone was present or absent in the supply airflow. When dermally emitted bioeffluents were present, the perceived air quality (PAQ) was less acceptable, and the odor intensity was higher than when only exhaled bioeffluents were present. The presence or absence of exhaled bioeffluents in the unoccupied chamber made no significant difference to sensory assessments. At 28°C and with ozone present, the odor intensity increased and the PAQ was less acceptable in the chambers with whole‐body bioeffluents. The concentrations of nonanal, decanal, geranylacetone, and 6‐MHO were higher when dermally emitted bioeffluents were present; they increased further when ozone was present. The concentration of squalene then decreased and increased again at 28°C. Dermally emitted bioeffluents seem to play a major role in the sensory nuisance experienced when occupied volumes are inadequately ventilated.     

年糕杀菌工艺及其对年糕中微生物影响的研究

为防止年糕发霉变质同时最大限度保留年糕的风味和品质,研究了酸洗结合水浴处理杀菌工艺的杀菌效果。选取酸洗液体积分数、酸洗时间、水浴温度、水浴时间为考察因素,以年糕初始菌落总数和感官评分为评价指标,设计正交试验对年糕杀菌工艺进行优化,通过传统分离鉴定方法对年糕微生物菌群进行分析。结果表明:各因素对初始菌落总数的影响由大到小依次为水浴时间、水浴温度、酸洗时间和酸洗液体积分数;各因素对年糕感官评分的影响由大到小依次为酸洗液体积分数、水浴温度、酸洗时间和水浴时间;由方差分析可知,只有酸洗液体积分数对感官评分有极显著影响。综合各因素对初始菌落总数的影响,得出最优杀菌工艺为酸洗液体积分数2%、酸洗时间15 min、水浴温度95℃、水浴时间40 min。对年糕中微生物菌群分离鉴定可知,鲜样期年糕中细菌以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、产酸克雷伯杆菌属(Klebsiella oxytoca)为主,杀菌后年糕中细菌以芽孢杆菌属为主,其他菌种已被杀死或浓度低于检出限,未被检测到;鲜样期年糕中真菌以青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、篮状菌属(Talaromyces)为主,杀菌后年糕中真菌主要为青霉属及少量的篮状菌属。结果表明:酸洗结合水浴杀菌工艺可有效抑制年糕中微生物的生长繁殖,具有较好的抑菌杀菌效果,在常温下年糕货架期可以达到6个月且品质较好。     

烟草味电子烟油中挥发性成分分析

采用二氯甲烷对3家公司的5种电子烟油样品进行萃取,并用气-质联用（GC-MS）法鉴定。通过对NIST 11谱库的检索,对5种样品中挥发性成分进行了比较分析。结果表明5种样品中的挥发性成分差别较大,共鉴定出40种挥发性成分,依据作用或来源分为雾化剂、烟叶提取物和薄荷提取物三类。其中相对含量水平较高且在5种样品中都检出的成分是丙二醇、烟碱和甘油。3家公司的5种烟草味电子烟油在抽吸品质上有所差异,C公司样品在抽吸感官感受上相较其他两家公司样品具有明显优势,其中样品C1又略好于C2。比较发现,C公司电子烟油的挥发性成分中含特有的8种多甘醇类化合物,可能是这些物质的协同作用而改善了抽吸品质。     

Effect of corona discharge plasma jet treatment on decontamination and sprouting of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seeds

Sprout-related outbreaks of foodborne illnesses are increasingly becoming a food safety concern. Different pathogenic microorganisms that originate from sprout seeds are known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of such outbreaks. Therefore, in order to decontaminate and also to enhance the germination of seeds, the applications of non-thermal plasma based techniques are increasingly being investigated in the field of agricultural science as an alternative to conventional pre-germination treatments. This work was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ) for microbial decontamination of rapeseed seeds, and also studied the plasma treatment effect on the seed germination and physicochemical properties of sprouts (grown from the plasma-treated seeds). Aerobic bacteria, molds and yeast, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. were detected as contaminants in the seeds. All the detected microorganisms were reduced in the range of 1.2–2.2 log CFU/g upon the CDPJ treatment for 3 min. The inactivation patterns are better explained using pseudo-first-order kinetics. The plasma treatment of seeds up to 2 min showed positive effects on their germination rate and seedling growth. Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of rape sprouts were unaffected due to the CDPJ treatment of their respective seeds. Therefore, the CDPJ treatment of rapeseed seeds has not only reduced the seed microbial load, but also contributed to the enhancement of their germination rate and seedling growth, without adversely affecting the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of their corresponding sprouts.     

竞争力与可持续发展度战略决策图

为了制定企业可持续发展的战略决策,基于SWOT矩阵,创建了企业竞争力与可持续发展度战略决策图.它以反映企业竞争实力阶段性水平的企业竞争力平均因子得分为横坐标;以反映企业竞争实力变化规律的企业可持续发展度为纵坐标.该图把企业竞争实力的强度和可持续发展的变化趋势进行了有机结合.     

基于层次分析法的钢结构课程设计成绩评定

钢结构课程设计是土木工程专业一门重要的实践课程。传统的钢结构课程设计成绩评定考核方法欠客观,较难真实反映学生的综合水平。为此,提出基于层次分析法的钢结构课程设计成绩计算方法,通过定性分析影响钢结构课程设计成绩的影响因素,建立5个一级评价指标和17个二级评价指标,运用层次分析法构建钢结构课程设计成绩评定数学模型。实践表明,该方法有利于调动学生的积极性和主动性,有利于促进钢结构课程设计质量的提高。